5 December 2024
The second season of the National Geographic series Lost Treasures of Rome has brought new attention to work being done in Beit Ras (Bayt Ras), Jordan, known in Roman times as Capitolias. Capitolias was one of the cities of the Decapolis, a confederation of ten cities on the edge of the Roman world.
Since 2016, a consortium of institutions has been working on aspects of the site, particularly related to the accidental discovery of the painted “Founder’s tomb” (see https://acorjordan.org/bayt-ras/ and this lecture, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsD53LMaiC4&ab_channel=ACORJordan). In 2023 and 2024, Jordan’s Department of Antiquities (DoA) and the American Center of Research (ACOR) built upon existing fieldwork and scholarship to undertake further works at the site for conservation and presentation of it to the public. Because television programs and news stories do not supply citations for their viewers and readers to follow up on, we take this opportunity to do so.
Here please find some of the many resources available about the topics featured in “Rome’s Desert Cities,” which first aired on September 12, 2024. If you would like to learn more, click on the links, many of which lead to webpages where an article can be found. Others can be requested through your library.
The Beit Ras painted tomb:
Haron, Jehad, Nizar Al Adarbeh, and Ahmad Lash. 2019. “Bayt Ras: Founding the Roman City.” ACOR Newsletter31.2: 1–6. https://publications.acorjordan.org/wp-content/uploads/acor-newsletter-vol-31-2.pdf
Haron, Jehad and Nizar Al Adarbeh (et al.). 2022. “Bayt Rās Workshop.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 14: 803–811. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/uploads/publications/219/SHAJ-ICHAJ_14-part_2-CMYK-419-428.pdf
Haron, Jehad, Ahmad Lash, Amjad Al-Bataineh, and Nizar Al-Adarbeh. 2020. “Bayt Rās Tomb Project.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 60: 729–741. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/2696
Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA). n.d. “‘Bayt Ras Tomb’ Project Jordan.” https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/projects/soil-and-territory/bayt-ras-tomb-project
Weiss, Daniel. 2020. “The Founder’s Tomb.” Archaeology 73.2: 38–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26886887
Other excavations in Beit Ras, including the Roman theater:
Abd-Allah, Ramadan. 2010. “Chemical Characterisation and Manufacturing Technology of Late Roman to Early Byzantine Glass from Beit Ras/Capitolias, Northern Jordan.” Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8: 1866–1874. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440310000671
Al-Shami, Ahmad Jum’a. 2005. “A New Discovery at Bayt Ras/Capitolias—Irbid.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 49: 509–519. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/1135
Al-Tawalbeh, Mohammad, Rasheed Jaradat, Khaled Al-Bashaireh, Abdulla Al-Rawabdeh, Anne Gharaibeh, Bilal Khrisat, and Miklós Kázmér. 2020. “Two Inferred Antique Earthquake Phases Recorded in the Roman Theater of Beit-Ras/Capitolias (Jordan).” Seismological Research Letters 20.20: 1–19. http://kazmer.web.elte.hu/pubs/Al-Tawalbeh_2020_Beit-Ras_theatre_Jordan_archeoseis.pdf
Bader, Nabil and Jean-Baptiste Yon. 2018. “Une inscription du théâtre de Bayt Ras/Capitolias.” Syria: archéologie, art et histoire 95: 155–168. https://journals.openedition.org/syria/6489
Burdajewicz, Mariusz. 2018. “Glass Finds from Bayt Ras, Ancient Capitolias of the Decapolis: Recent Discoveries.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 59: 161–174. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/550
Haron, Jehad and Claude Vibert-Guigue. 2018. “Bayt Ras (2016–2017).” Archaeology in Jordan [1]: 21–22. https://publications.acorjordan.org/articles/aij-1-2016-2017-pp-21-22-bayt-ras/
Lenzen, Cherie J. 1995. “From Public to Private Space: Changes in the Urban Plan of Bayt Ras/Capitolias.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 5: 235–239. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/1205
Lenzen, Cherie J. 2003. “Ethnic Identity at Beit Ras/Capitolias and Umm Al-Jimal.” Mediterranean Archaeology 16: 73–87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24668027
Lenzen, C. J., R. L. Gordon, and A. M. McQuitty. 1985. “Excavations at Tell Irbid and Beit Ras, 1985.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 29: 151–159. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/2081
Lenzen, C. J. and E. Al Knauf. 1987. “Beit Ras/Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence.” Syria: archéologie, art et histoire: 64: 21–46. https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1987_num_64_1_7002
Lenzen, C. J. and A. M. McQuitty. “The 1984 Survey of the Irbid/Beit Ras Region.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 32: 265–274. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/2323
Młynarczyk, Jolanta. 2017. “Beit Ras/Capitolias: An Archaeological Project 2014–2016.” Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26: 475–506. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=716833
Młynarczyk, Jolanta. 2018. “Archaeological Investigations in Bayt Ras, Ancient Capitolias, 2015: Preliminary Report.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 59: 175–193. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/551
Młynarczyk, Jolanta. 2018. “Beit Ras (Capitolias): The Archaeological Project (2014–2016).” Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26.1: 475–506. https://www.academia.edu/37323083/Beit_Ras_Capitolias_an_archaeological_project_2014_1016
Młynarczyk, Jolanta. 2021. “Roman-Period Pottery from a Trench by the Northern City Wall in Beit Ras/Capitolias.” Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 29.2: 577–602. https://www.academia.edu/53989113/Roman_period_pottery_from_a_trench_by_the_northern_city_wall_in_Beit_Ras_Capitolias
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. n.d. “Beit Ras.” https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2019/04/18/beit-ras-2/
Shraidah, Sultan and C. J. Lenzen. 1985. “Salvage Excavations in Beit Ras, 1985.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 29: 291–292. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/2092
Founding of Capitolias:
Bowsher, Julian M. C. 2011. “The Foundation of Roman Capitolias: A Hypothesis.” ARAM 23: 35–62. https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2959651&journal_code=ARAM&download=yes
Frescoes in the Roman Near East
Barbet, Alix, and Claude Vibert-Guigue. 1988–1994. Les peintures des nécropoles romaines d’Abila et du nord de la Jordanie. 2 vols. Beirut; Paris: Institut français d’archéologie du Proche-Orient. https://search.worldcat.org/title/33247632
Burdajewicz, Julia M. 2022. Late Antique Wall Paintings from Porphyreon in the Sidon Hinterland. Polish Publications in Mediterranean Archaeology 7. Leuven: Peeters. https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042950573.pdf
Nassar, M., Z. Al Muheisen, R. Seiseh, A. Al-Shorman, M. Abdelaziz, and W. Al Sekhaneh. 2024. “Archaeometrical Analysis Study of the Wall Painting-Fresco of a Roman Tomb at Abila (Qwailbeh) Jordan.” Scientific Culture 10.1: 69–81. https://www.sci-cult.com/wp-content/uploads/10.1/10_1_3_Nassar_et_al.pdf
Tell, Safwan. 1995. “Frescoes: From the Decapolis to the Umayyad Palaces.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 5: 375–382. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/1220
Vibert-Guigue, Claude. 2016. “Wall Painting and Stucco in Jordan: from Miniature to Megalography.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 12: 329–348. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/348
Conserving ancient wall paintings
Alawneh, Firas, Fadi Balaa’wi, Naif A. Haddad, and Yahya Al-Shawabkeh. 2011. “Analytical Identification and Conservation Issues of Painted Plaster from Qaser Amra in Jordan.” International Journal of Conservation Science 2.4: 235–250. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S129620740700074X
Bianchin, Sara, Umberto Casellato, Monica Favaro, and Pietro Alessandro Vigato. 2007. “Painting Technique and State of Conservation of Wall Paintings at Qusayr Amra, Amman—Jordan.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 8.3: 289–293. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S129620740700074X
Cather, Sharon (ed.). 1991. The Conservation of Wall Paintings. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/wall_paintings.pdf
The Decapolis
Gregoratti, Leonardo. 2011. “The Role of the Decapolis Region in Connecting Inland Syria with the Mediterranean Coast.” ARAM Periodical 23: 509–525. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335685349_The_Role_of_the_Decapolis_Region_in_connecting_Inland_Syria_with_the_Mediterranean_Coast_ARAM_23_2011_pp_497-507
Lichtenberger, Achim. 2021. “The Decapolis.” In A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East, edited by Ted Kaizer. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/1235904701
Lucke, B., M. Schmidt, Z. al-Saad, O. Bens, and Reinhard F. Hüttl. 2005. “The Abandonment of the Decapolis Region in Northern Jordan—Forced by Environmental Change?” Quaternary International 135.1: 65–81. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618204002174
Moors, Steven. 2002. “The Decapolis: City Territories, Villages and Bouleutai.” In After the Past: Essays in Ancient History in Honour of H. W. Pleket, edited by Willem Jongman and Marc Kleijwegt, 157–207. Leiden: Brill. https://www.academia.edu/66966799/The_Decapolis_City_Territories_Villages_and_Bouleutai
Pierson, Wade A. 2021. “Spatial Assessment of Urban Growth in Cities of the Decapolis and the Implication for Modern Cities.” MS thesis, University of Arkansas. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3972/
Smith, Robert. 2011. “Walls of the Decapolis.” ARAM Periodical 23: 489–508. https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=ARAM&issue=0&vol=23
Tsafrir, Yoram. 2011. “The Decapolis Again—Further Notes on the Meaning of the Term.” ARAM Periodical 23: 1–10. https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=issue&journal_code=ARAM&issue=0&vol=23
Walmsley, Alan. 1992. “Vestiges of the Decapolis in North Jordan during the Late Antique and Early Islamic Periods.” ARAM 4.1–2: 343–355. https://www.academia.edu/28236856/Vestiges_of_the_Decapolis_in_North_Jordan_during_the_Late_Antique_and_Early_Islamic_Periods
Weiss, Zeev. 2011. “Buildings for Mass Entertainment in the Cities of the Decapolis.” ARAM Periodical 23: 367–381. https://www.academia.edu/2968391/Buildings_for_Mass_Entertainment_in_the_Cities_of_the_Decapolis
Yon, Jean-Baptieste and Nabil Bader. 2019. “New Data on the Epigraphy of the Northern Decapolis (North-Western Jordan).” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 13: 373–377. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/2619
Rome in the Near East
Accettola, Anna. 2020: “Josephus’ Nabataeans: A Vision of Roman Power in the Near East.” Journal of Ancient History8.2: 256–280. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jah-2019-0018/html
Ball, Warwick. 2016. Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Second edition. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/49414893
Freeman, Philip. 2008. “The Roman Period.” In Jordan: An Archaeological Reader, edited by Russell B. Adams, 413–441. London: Equinox. https://www.academia.edu/9201400/The_Hellenistic_period_and_the_Nabataeans_in_R_B_Adams_ed_The_Archaeology_of_Jordan_London_2008_353_411
Graf, David Frank. 1997. Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens. Aldershot: Ashgate. https://search.worldcat.org/title/37594965
Kennedy, D. L. 2004. The Roman Army in Jordan. Revised edition. London: Council for British Research in the Levant. https://search.worldcat.org/title/59267318
Kennedy, D. L. 2013. Settlement and Soldiers in the Roman Near East. Farnham: Ashgate/Variorum. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/835971908
Rababeh, Shaher, Rama Al Rabady, and Shatha Abu-Khafajah. 2014. “Colonnaded Streets within the Roman Cityscape: A ‘Spatial’ Perspective.” Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 38.4: 293–305. https://www.academia.edu/10578433/COLONNADED_STREETS_WITHIN_THE_ROMAN_CITYSCAPE_A_SPATIAL_PERSPECTIVE
Burns, Ross A. 2017. Origins of the Colonnaded Streets in the Cities of the Roman East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://search.worldcat.org/title/962330779
Sartre, Maurice. 2004. The Middle East Under Rome. Translated by Catherine Porter and Elizabeth Rawlings. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/56598951
Teigen, Håkon and Eivind Heldaas Seland (eds.). 2017. Sinews of Empire: Networks in the Roman Near East and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/990550687
Yegül, Fikret and Diane Favro. 2019. “The Roman Near East.” In Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity, by Fikret Yegül and Diane Favro, 707–799. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/roman-architecture-and-urbanism/roman-near-east/41CBB5AAAB20C2A2BB0EB01F7671145B
Roman-era Petra (annexation, monuments, etc.)
Al-Otaibi, Fahad Mutlaq. 2015. “The Annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom in 106 A.D.: A New Epigraphic and Archaeological Consideration.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15.3: 151–156. https://www.maajournal.com/index.php/maa/article/view/315
Cimadomo, Paolo. 2019. “The Controversial Annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom.” Levant 50.3: 1–9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333826980_The_controversial_annexation_of_the_Nabataean_Kingdom
Fiema, Zbigniew T. 2003. “Roman Petra (A.D. 106–363): A Neglected Subject.” Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 119.1: 38–58. https://www.academia.edu/9269329/Roman_Petra_A_D_106_363_A_Neglected_Subject_Zeitschrift_des_Deutschen_Palästina_Vereins_2003_119_1_pp_38_58
Fiema, Zbigniew T. 2008. “Remarks on the Development and Significance of the Colonnaded Street in Petra, Jordan.” In La rue dans l’antiquité: Définition, Aménagement, Devenir. Actes du colloque de Poitiers, 7–9 Septembre 2006, edited by P. Ballet, N. Dieudonné-Glad, and C. Saliou, 161–168. Rennes: Presses universitaires. https://www.academia.edu/9262567/Remarks_on_the_Development_and_Significance_of_the_Colonnaded_Street_in_Petra_Jordan_Pp_161_168_in_La_rue_dans_l_antiquité_Définition_Aménagement_Devenir_Actes_du_colloque_de_Poitiers_7_9_Septembre_2006_P_Ballet_N_Dieudonné_Glad_and_C_Saliou_eds_Rennes_Presses_universitaires_2008
Gagos, Traianos. 2009. “New Inscriptional Evidence and Petra’s Rôle in the Province of Arabia.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 22: 381–389. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/new-inscriptional-evidence-and-petras-role-in-the-province-of-arabia/FBDFF0380699299A46A090A608F624CC
Kanellopoulos, Chrysanthos. 2001. “The Architecture of the Colonnaded Street and Shops in Petra.” Bulletin of the American Society of Oriental Research 324: 9–22. https://www.academia.edu/9116915/The_Architecture_of_the_Colonnaded_Street_and_Shops_in_Petra_Bulletin_of_the_American_Society_of_Oriental_Research_324_2001_9_22
Tholbecq, Laurent, Soline Delcros, and Nicolas Paridaens. 2014. “The ‘High-Place’ of Jabal Khubthah: New Insights on a Nabataean-Roman Suburb of Petra.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 27: 374–391. https://www.academia.edu/9426755/_2014_L_THOLBECQ_S_DELCROS_N_PARIDAENS_The_high_place_of_Jabal_Khubthah_new_insights_on_a_Nabataean_Roman_suburb_of_Petra
Petra’s Great Temple (including the cache of ballista balls)
Brown University. 1999. Brown University Petra The Great Temple Excavation. https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/Petra/temple/great-temple.html
Joukowsky, Martha Sharp. 2007. Great Temple Excavation Database. Open Context. https://opencontext.org/projects/a5ddbea2-b3c8-43f9-8151-33343cbdc857
Joukowsky, Martha Sharp. 2006. “Challenges in the Field: The Brown University 2005 Petra Great Temple Excavations.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 50: 351–372. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/1726
Joukowsky, Martha Sharp et al. 1998–2007. Petra Great Temple (3 vols.). Providence: Brown University Press. https://search.worldcat.org/title/795418725
Roman city planning
Freeman, Philip. 2008. “The Roman Period.” In Jordan: An Archaeological Reader, edited by Russell B. Adams, 413–441. London: Equinox. https://www.academia.edu/9201400/The_Hellenistic_period_and_the_Nabataeans_in_R_B_Adams_ed_The_Archaeology_of_Jordan_London_2008_353_411
Rodríguez-Antón, A., J. A. Belmonte, and A. C. Gonzáles-García. 2016. “Romans in the Near East: The Orientation of Roman Settlements in Present-Day Jordan.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 16.4: 153–160. https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/243006/1/Romans_Near_East.pdf
Theaters (in the Roman Near East; naumachiae)
Coleman, K. M. 1993. “Launching into History: Aquatic Displays in the Early Empire.” The Journal of Roman Studies83: 48–74. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30097
Finlayson, Cynthia. 2012. “New Excavations and a Reexamination of the Great Roman Theater at Apamea, Syria, Seasons 1–3 (2008–2010).” American Journal of Archaeology 116.2: 377–319. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.116.2.0277
Garello, Francesca. 2004. “Sport or Showbiz? The Naumachiae in the Flavian Amphitheatre.” In Games and Festivals in Classical Antiquity: Proceedings of the Conference held in Edinburgh 10-12 July 2000, edited by Sinclair Bell and Glenys Davies, 115–124. BAR International Series 1220. Oxford: Archaeopress. https://www.academia.edu/36714429/Sport_or_Showbiz_The_Naumachiae_in_the_Flavian_Anphiteatre
Retzleff, Alexandra. 2003. “Near Eastern Theatres in Late Antiquity.” Phoenix 57.1/2: 115–138. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3648491
Segal, Arthur. 1995. Theatres in Roman Palestine and Provincia Arabia. Leiden: E.J. Brill. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/1013368523
Reign of Trajan
Jackson, Nicholas. 2022. Trajan: Rome’s Last Conqueror. Barnsley: GreenHill Books. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/1301903464
Aramaic and Greek languages
Gzella, Holger. 2015. “Aramaic in the Hellenistic and Early Roman Near East.” In A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam, by Holger Gzella, 212–280. Leiden: Brill. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/900277039
Healey, John F. 2009. Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://search.worldcat.org/title/423583195
Longacre, Drew. 2021. “Comparative Hellenistic and Roman Manuscript Studies (CHRoMS): Script Interactions and Hebrew/Aramaic Writing Culture.” Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin 7.1: 7–50. https://www.academia.edu/87878333/Comparative_Hellenistic_and_Roman_Manuscript_Studies_CHRoMS_Script_Interactions_and_Hebrew_Aramaic_Writing_Culture
The imperial cult
Brodd, Jeffrey and Jonathan L. Reed. 2011. Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/064205P.front.pdf
Dirven, Lucinda. 2011. “Imperial Cult in the Cities of the Decapolis, Caesarea Maritima and Palmyra: A Note on the Development of Imperial Cults in the Roman Near East.” ARAM 23: 141–156. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/97617178/157497_Dirven_Imperial_Cult_ARAM23_libre-libre.pdf?1674342334=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Imperial_Cult_in_Cities_of_the_Decap.pdf&Expires=1730395240&Signature=CUHiKhUjTYg7YAKdrzoF0VK3vLQhShkV6j894q0xXurVkbPmM0mekCVCsMhza66HTGXOv5wi-YPt9rrqYLT-e-LTFKr4~QyXukoSKA6eIfzL~hLbKpkSQY4kVQLSIHWtxs8bZ12CsWzwrFB143Ox3SVdhWBo~-rLToOrDw5KMHB4REgXbMh2dKKya0FbRn4EGe~iHRDPdpHGO3KhzgaB7ZD2gAXxbdQrWct~YJI4M16zSShF3vrrd~68YngegMB2nBT-UKZmvK7Q49IKH44Ht3R523PTHQubEnn~JSQ1q1udiNJGHTcZXjh76Ycd~O59p2EDkCTC2sxUQniwTGf5AA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Madsen, Jesper Majbom. 2016. “Joining the Empire: The Imperial Cult as a Marker of a Shared Imperial Identity.” In Imperial Identities in the Roman World, edited by Wouter Vanacker and Arjan Zuiderhoek. Abingdon: Routledge https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315587950-13/joining-empire-imperial-cult-marker-shared-imperial-identity-jesper-majbom-madsen
McIntyre, Gwynaeth. 2019. Imperial Cult. Brill Research Perspectives/Ancient History. Leiden: Brill. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/1087502614
The Small Temple in Petra
Bodel, John and Sara Karz Reid. 2002. “A Dedicatory Inscription to the Emperor Trajan from the Small Temple at Petra, Jordan.” Near Eastern Archaeology 65.4: 249–250. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270360089_A_Dedicatory_Inscription_to_the_Emperor_Trajan_from_the_Small_Temple_at_Petra_Jordan
Reid, Sara Karz. 2013. The Small Temple: A Roman Imperial Cult Building in Petra, Jordan. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/882242936
Nabataeans at the harbor of Puteoli (and related topics)
Hosawi, Salma Mohammed B. 2017. “The Role of Trade in the Evolution of the Nabataean Religious Belief.” Journal of Middle East Research 42: 34–60. https://mercj.journals.ekb.eg/article_76870_af851a1c1ee4468b88967ca779d2a6f3.pdf
Killgrove, Kristina and LiveScience. 2024. “Sunken Temple of Ancient Arabian Civilization Found off Italy.” Scientific American, 29 October 2024. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/underwater-temple-from-indiana-jones-civilization-discovered/
Stefanile, Michele, Michele Silani, and Maria Luisa Tardugno. 2024. “The Submerged Nabataean Temple in Puteoli at Pozzuoli, Italy: First Campaign of Underwater Research.” Antiquity 98.400: e20. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.107
Terpstra, Taco. 2015. “Roman Trade with the Far East: Evidence for Nabataean Middlemen in Puteoli.” In Across the Ocean: Nine Essays on Indo-Mediterranean Trade, edited by Federico De Romanis and Marco Maiuro, 73–94. Leiden: Brill. https://www.academia.edu/1978586/Roman_trade_with_the_Far_East_Evidence_for_Nabataean_middlemen_in_Puteoli
Dushara/Dusares (Nabataean god)
Bowersock, G. W. 1994. “The Cult and Representation of Dusares in Roman Arabia.” In Studies on the Eastern Roman Empire, by G. W. Bowersock, 245–252. Bibliotheca eruditorum 9. Kelp: Goldbach. https://search.worldcat.org/title/32223682
Kropp, Andreas J. M. 2011. “Nabataen Dushara (Dusares)—An Overlooked Cuirassed God.” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 143.3: 176–197. https://www.academia.edu/1850853/Nabataean_Dushara_Dusares_an_overlooked_cuirassed_god
Wenning, Robert. 2016. “The Many Faces of Dushara—A Critical Review of the Evidence.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 12: 189–210. https://publication.doa.gov.jo/Publications/ViewChapterPublic/339
The Roman and Sassanian Empires
Dignas, Beate and Engelbert Winter. 2007. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/123374647
Drijvers, Jan Willem. 2009. “Rome and the Sasanid Empire: Confrontation and Coexistence.” In A Companion to Late Antiquity, edited by Philip Rousseau, 441–454. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.academia.edu/329117/Rome_and_the_Sassanid_Empire_Confrontation_and_Coexistence
Edwell, Peter M. 2021. Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Abingdon: Routledge. https://search.worldcat.org/formats-editions/1162208094
